La prueba de figuras enmascaradas en la versión SaWa sobre figuras Gottschaldt ­presentación e indicadores psicométricos / The Embedded Figures Test in the SaWa Version on Gottschaldt Figures ­Presentation and Psychometric Indicators­ / O teste de figuras mascaradas na versão SaWa em figuras de Gottschaldt ­Apresentação e indicadores psicométricos­

El artículo presenta la versión de la prueba EfT desarrollada por Sawa sobre las figuras Gottschaldt, como indicador de la capacidad de reestructuración perceptual y del estilo cognitivo en la dimensión de independencia- dependencia de campo. Se examina la consistencia interna del instrumento, su validez estructural y de constructo a partir de los datos recogidos en cuatro diferentes estudios en los que ha sido aplicado (n = 6.530). Los resultados indican altos niveles de consistencia interna y adecuados niveles de validez estructural del instrumento. La validez de constructo se determina mediante el examen de los comportamientos de la prueba frente al sexo y el grado/edad. Los resultados demuestran que el instrumento se comporta de acuerdo con lo esperado en el constructo. Por último, se presentan los baremos del instrumento

This paper presents the version of the Embedded Figures Test (EfT) that Sawa developed using Gottschaldt's figures. The test indicates the perceptual restructur- ing ability and the field dependence-independence dimension of cognitive style. The instrument's internal consistency and its structural and construct validity are examined using data collected in four previous studies in which the test was administered (n = 6.530). Results show high levels of internal consistency and adequate levels of structural validity. The construct validity was determined by examining the instrument's behavior regarding sex and grade/age. Results indicate that the test behaves as expected considering the construct. Finally, the instrument's norms are presented

O artigo apresenta a versão do teste EfT, desenvol- vida por Sawa sobre as figuras de Gottchaldt, como indicador da capacidade de reestruturação perceptiva e, do estilo cognitivo na dimensão independência- -dependência do campo. A consistência interna do instrumento, sua validade estrutural e sua validade de construto são examinadas a partir dos dados co- letados em quatro diferentes estudos em que o teste foi aplicado (n = 6.530). Os resultados indicam altos níveis de consistência interna e níveis adequados de validade estrutural do instrumento. A validade de cons- truto é determinada examinando os comportamentos de teste em relação ao gênero e nível de escolaridade/ idade. Os resultados indicam que o instrumento se comporta conforme o esperado no construto. Por fim, são apresentadas as escalas do instrumento.

COVID Stress Scales (CSS): evidências psicométricas no contexto brasileiro / COVID Stress Scales (CSS): Psychometric Evidence in the Brazilian Context

Objetivo. Adaptar a COVID Stress Scales (CSS), reunindo evidências psicométricas, e verificar o padrão de relação com ansiedade frente a COVID-19. Método. Foram realizados dois estudos com participantes de diferentes estados brasileiros. No primeiro (n = 423) a análise fatorial exploratória sugeriu uma estrutura pentafatorial. No segundo (n = 300) executou-se uma análise fatorial confirmatória testando modelo pentafatorial. Resultado. Reuniram-se evidências de validade convergente e discriminante. A correlação de Pearson (r) que evidenciou relações positivas e estatisticamente significativas entre ansiedade e o estresse frente a COVID, indicando validade baseada em medida externa. Ademais, constatou-se consistência interna satisfatória em ambos os estudos. Conclui-se que o CSS é válida e fidedigna, podendo auxiliar na avaliação de indivíduos com estresse ocasionado pela pandemia da COVID e seus correlatos.

Objective. Adapt the COVID Stress Scales (CSS), gathering psychometric evidence, and to verify the pattern of relationship with anxiety compared to COVID-19. Method. Two studies were carried out with participants from different Brazilian states. In the first (n = 423) the exploratory factor analysis suggested a pentafactorial structure. In the second (n = 300), a confirmatory factor analysis was performed, testing a pentafactorial model. Evidence of convergent and discriminant validity was gathered. Pearson's correlation (r) was performed, which showed positive and statistically significant relationships between anxiety and stress in the face of COVID, indicating validity based on external measure. Results. Satisfactory internal consistency was found in both studies. It is concluded that the CSS is valid and reliable and can assist in the assessment of individuals with stress caused by the COVID pandemic and its correlated factors.

Confiabilidad de una escala de valoración de resúmenes para congresos

Introducción: En 2013, desarrollamos una escala, para evaluar resúmenes de congresos de la Sociedad de Cirujanos de Chile (SOCICH). Objetivo: Determinar consistencia interna y confiabilidad interobservador de una escala para evaluar resúmenes de congresos. Material y Método: Estudio de confiabilidad. Doce cirujanos fueron capacitados de forma virtual durante 8 horas, para aplicar la escala. Una vez finalizado el entrenamiento, se les envió un cuestionario para evaluar contenidos de la capacitación, y varios resúmenescasos para ser evaluados con la escala antes señalada. Se aplicó estadística descriptiva, luego se estimó el grado de acuerdo entre observadores para cada ítem de la escala. Posteriormente, se evaluó el coeficiente de correlación (CCI), utilizando un modelo de dos factores mixtos en el que los efectos de los evaluadores son aleatorios y los ítems fijos; utilizando una definición de acuerdo absoluto. Además, se evaluó la consistencia interna de los ítems utilizando alfa de Cronbach, considerando intérvalos de confianza del 95% (IC 95%). Resultados: Luego de analizar las mediciones de los 9 ítems por los 12 observadores, se verificó que el CCI fue de 0,871; con un IC 95% de 0,700; 0,965. El valor de la consistencia interna fue de 0,7 considerando los 9 ítems, no se recomienda eliminar ningún ítem. Conclusión: La escala tiene buena confiabilidad interobservador y los ítems son consistentes entre sí; por lo que puede ser considerada como un instrumento confiable para la valoración de resúmenes de congresos.

Background: In 2013, we developed a scale to evaluate the abstracts of the congresses of the Society of Surgeons of Chile (SOCICH). Objective: To determine internal consistency and interobserver reliability of a scale to evaluate conference abstracts. Material and Methods: Reliability study. Twelve surgeons were trained virtually for 8 hours, to apply the scale. Once the training was finished, they were sent a questionnaire to evaluate the contents of the training, and several summaries-cases to be evaluated with the aforementioned scale. Descriptive statistics were applied, then the degree of agreement between observers was estimated for each item of the scale. Subsequently, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was evaluated, using a mixed two-factor model where the effects of the evaluators are random and the items are fixed, using a definition of absolute agreement. In addition, the internal consistency of the items was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha, considering 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Results: After analyzing the measurements of the 9 items by the 12 observers, it was verified that the ICC was 0.871; with a 95% CI of 0.700; 0.965. The internal consistency value was 0.7 considering the 9 items, it is not recommended to delete any item. Conclusions: The scale has good internal consistency and interobserver reliability. Therefore, it can be considered as reliable instrument to be used in the evaluation of abstracts for congresses.

Propriedades psicométricas da escala de Civic Engagement de Doolitle e Faul (2013) numa amostra portuguesa / Psychometric properties of the Doolitle and Faul Civic Engagement scale (2013) in a Portuguese sample / Propriedades psicométricas de la escala de Civic Engagement de Doolitle y Faul (2013) en una muestra portuguesa

O objetivo deste estudo é analisar as propriedades psicométricas da escala de Engagement Cívico (Doolitle, & Faul, 2013) numa amostra portuguesa. Foi aplicado um processo de tradução-retrotradução dos itens do questionário, cujas caraterísticas psicométricas foram analisadas através de uma amostra de 539 participantes. Os dados foram submetidos a uma análise fatorial confirmatória, análise fatorial confirmatória multigrupo, análise de itens e análise de confiabilidade. Os resultados confirmaram a estrutura original, bifatorial, atitudes cívicas e comportamentos cívicos. As propriedades psicométricas da versão em Português da escala de Engagement Cívico são adequadas, o que permite a utilização deste questionário na população Portuguesa. Pesquisas futuras devem investigar a estabilidade temporal.(AU)

The purpose of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Civic Engagement Scale (Doolittle & Faul, 2013) in a Portuguese sample. A translation-back translation process of the items was carried out, with the psychometric characteristics analyzed using a sample of 539 participants. The data were subjected to confirmatory factor analysis, multi-group confirmatory factorial analysis, item analysis and reliability analysis. The results confirmed the bifactor structure, civic attitudes and civic behaviors. The psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the Civic Engagement scale were adequate, which allows the use of this questionnaire in the Portuguese population. Future studies should analyze the temporal stability.(AU)

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la Civic Engagement (Doolitle, & Faul, 2013) en una muestra portuguesa. Se aplicó un proceso de retrotraducción de los ítems del cuestionario, cuyas características psicométricas se analizaron a través de una muestra de 539 participantes. Los datos fueron sometidos a un análisis factorial confirmatorio, análisis factorial confirmatorio multigrupo, análisis de ítems y análisis de confiabilidad. Los resultados confirmaron la estructura bifactorial original, actitudes cívicas y comportamientos cívicos. Las propiedades psicométricas de la versión portuguesa del Civic Engagement son adecuados, lo que permite el uso de este cuestionario en la población portuguesa. Futuras investigaciones deben explorar la estabilidad temporal.(AU)

Validez y confiabilidad del Inventario de orientación suicida ­ ISO-30 en una población colombiana / Validación de la escala de orientación al suicidio ISO-30 / Validity and reliability of the Inventory of suicide orientation ­ ISO-30 in a colombian population

El presente estudio instrumental evaluó las propiedades psicométricas del Inventario de Orientación Suicida ­ ISO-30 con 1922 adolescentes escolarizados de la ciudad de Bogotá. La validez de constructo del inventario se estableció a través de un análisis factorial confirmatorio, utilizándose el método de mínimos cuadrados generalizados (GLS), dando lugar un modelo factorial sustentable, compuesto por cinco factores, igual al inventario original. La confiabilidad del instrumento se estableció, a través del coeficiente Alfa de Cronbach, obteniéndose una confiabilidad excelente (α= .0915) y un coeficiente Omega (Ω=.742). El análisis de reactivos relativo al poder de discriminación del inventario obtuvo un 57% en las correlaciones ítem-escala total con un nivel de discriminación excelente. Se presenta evidencia respecto a la validez y confiabilidad del ISO-30 para evaluar la orientación al suicidio en adolescentes colombianos

The present instrumental study evaluated the psychometric properties of the Inventory of Suicide Orientation - ISO-30 with 1922 school adolescents from Bogotá. The construct validity of the inventory was established through confirmatory factor analysis, using the generalized least squares (GLS) technique, through which a sustainable factorial model was obtained, composed of five factors equal to the original inventory. The reliability of the instrument was established using Cronbach's Alpha coefficient with an excellent result (α= .915) and an omega coefficient (Ω=.742). The analysis of the items, relative to the discrimination power of the items, obtained 57% in item-total scale correlations with an excellent level of discrimination power. These findings prove ISO-30 to be a valid and reliable instrument for evaluating suicide orientation among Colombian adolescents.

Nuevas pruebas de validez y confiabilidad de la escala reducida del Cuestionario de Imagen Corporal (BSQ-8D) en una muestra de mujeres mexicanas / New evidence about reliability and validity of the short version of the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ-8D) in a Sample of Mexican Women

Resumen: Antecedentes: El Cuestionario de Imagen Corporal (BSQ, por sus siglas en inglés) se ha utilizado ampliamente en población clínica y general destacando su carácter unidimensional para la medida de la insatisfacción corporal. Diversas investigaciones han generado hasta 10 versiones cortas basadas en reducciones del BSQ-34. Sin embargo, hasta el momento ninguna de ellas ha sido sometida a pruebas de confiabilidad y validez en muestras independientes. Objetivo: Analizar la estructura interna del BSQ-8D y su relación con los tres factores del Test de Actitudes Alimentarias (EAT-26, por sus siglas en inglés), así como la fiabilidad obtenida con un diseño de consistencia interna y otro de estabilidad temporal en una muestra de mujeres universitarias. Método: Participaron 492 mujeres universitarias quienes contestaron el BSQ-8D y el EAT-26. Resultados: El análisis factorial confirmatorio corroboró la estructura unidimensional del BSQ-8D. La consistencia interna fue adecuada, con α =.91 y ω = .89, así como la confiabilidad test-retest con un CCI = .80. La correlación entre las puntuaciones obtenidas de esta versión del BSQ y el EAT-26 fue de .56 y con sus factores fue .58 para Dieta, .33 para Bulimia y Preocupación por la Comida y .26 para Control Oral. Conclusiones: Estos hallazgos aportan evidencia empírica independiente que apoya la unidimensionalidad, la confiabilidad y la relación con las actitudes hacia la comida del BSQ-8D. Para fortalecer la solidez de esta versión del BSQ-8D hace falta recolectar datos en muestra clínica y en muestras de varones con y sin trastornos alimentarios y de la ingestión de alimentos.

Abstract: Background: The Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) has been widely used in the clinical and general population, highlighting its unidimensional nature. Research evidence has generated 10 short versions based on reductions of the BSQ-34. Hitherto, short versions have not been applied to analyze validity and reliability with independent samples. Aim: To analyze the internal structure of the BSQ-8D and its relationship with the three factors of the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (AET-26), as well as the reliability obtained with a design of internal consistency and another of temporal stability in a sample of university women. Methods: Participants were 492 undergraduate women who completed the BSQ-8D and the EAT-26. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis supported the one factor structure of the BSQ-8D. The internal consistency was adequate, α = .91 and ω = .89, as well as the test-retest reliability ICC = .80. Correlation between this BSQ-8D version and those obtained in the EAT-26 was = .56 besides the correlations with its factors .58 for Dieting, .33 for Bulimia and Food Concerns, and .26 for Oral Control. Conclusions: These findings added independent evidence about the unidimensionality of the instrument. To strengthen the robustness of this version of the BSQ-8D it is necessary to collect data in clinical and men sample with and without feeding and eating disorders.

Propiedades Psicométricas de la Escala de Bienestar Psicológico para Adultos (BIEPS-A) en población Mexicana / Psychometric Properties of the Psychological Well-Being Scale for Adults (BIEPS-A) in a Mexican Sample

Resumen Introducción: El bienestar psicológico favorece el funcionamiento de la vida personal y social. Para su evaluación, es necesario contar con instrumentos válidos y confiables que permitan decidir y valorar las acciones necesarias para promoverlo. Objetivo: Evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Bienestar Psicológico para Adultos (BIEPS-A) en una muestra mexicana. Método: Se aplicó la escala BIEPS-A y la Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg (EAR) a 188 estudiantes universitarios y 94 participantes de población general. Resultados: Un análisis paralelo detectó un factor único en la escala BIEPS-A, estructurado mediante análisis factorial exploratorio (componentes principales, rotación oblicua) que retuvo 9 reactivos y explicó el 54% de la varianza. La consistencia interna fue de aceptable (α de Cronbach = .78) a elevada (alfa ordinal = .90). El análisis de curva ROC identificó un punto de corte equivalente a la mediana (ABC = .72, p < .01) y otro al percentil 75 (ABC = .80, p < .01), y ser mujer, tener entre 18 y 25 años y bajo o leve nivel de autoestima como predictores de bajo nivel de bienestar psicológico. La escala BIEPS-A mostró validez concurrente (r = .57) y predictiva con la EAR (β = .63). Discusión y conclusiones: La escala BIEPS-A es un instrumento válido y confiable para evaluar el bienestar psicológico en población mexicana; sin embargo, las diferencias respecto a su estructura original indican la necesidad de una escala de bienestar psicológico diseñada específicamente para población mexicana.

Abstract Introduction: Psychological well-being favors the functioning of personal and social life. Valid and reliable instruments are necessary for its evaluation that allow deciding and assessing the actions necessary to promote it. Objective: To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Scale of Psychological Well-being for Adults (BIEPS-A) in a Mexican sample. Methods: The BIEPS-A scale and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) were administered to 188 university students and 94 participants from the general population. Results: A parallel analysis detected a single factor in the BIEPS-A scale, structured by exploratory factor analysis (main components, oblique rotation) that retained 9 items and explained 54% of the variance. Internal consistency ranged from acceptable (Cronbach's α = .78) to high (ordinal alpha = .90). ROC curve analysis identified a cut-off point equivalent to the median (AUC = .72, p <.01) and another to the 75th percentile (AUC = .80, p <.01). The latter identified as a woman, between 18 and 25 years old with a low or slight level of self-esteem as predictors of a low level of psychological well-being. The BIEPS-A scale showed concurrent (r = .57) and predictive (β = .63) validity with the EAR. Discussion and conclusions: The BIEPS-A scale is a valid and reliable instrument to assess psychological well-being in the Mexican population. However, the differences with respect to its original structure indicate the need for a psychological well-being scale designed specifically for the Mexican population.

Propiedades psicométricas de la versión en español del Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills en población general Mexicana / Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills in Mexican general population

Resumen Introducción: Uno de los instrumentos más usados internacionalmente para medir la conciencia plena es el Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills. Debido a que esta escala no ha sido traducida ni adaptada a la lengua española, la investigación examinó la validez del constructo, su consistencia interna y validez de criterio, en una muestra mexicana. Método: La muestra estuvo conformada por 485 participantes (145 hombres y 340 mujeres). Resultados: Los resultados revelan una buena fiabilidad de la escala general, Asimismo, confirman que las cuatro dimensiones del inventario son factores sustantivos de la conciencia plena. Un análisis factorial confirmatorio muestra que los datos se ajustan de manera adecuada al modelo de cuatro factores. Conclusiones: Se concluye que este inventario es un instrumento válido y fiable para evaluar la conciencia plena en población general mexicana.

Abstract Introduction: One of the most common instruments used in the world to measure mindfulness is the Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills. Due to this scale has not been translated and adapted to Spanish, the purpose of this research was to examine the construct validity, internal consistency, and criterion validity in a Mexican sample. Method: The sample included 485 participants (145 men and 350 women). Results: Results found in this research revealed a good reliability of the general scale It was confirmed that the four dimensions of this inventory are significant factors of indfulness. Regarding the confirmatory factor analysis, results showed that data fitted properly to the four factors model. Conclusions: Inconclusion, this inventory is a valid and reliable instrument to measure mindfulness in general Mexican population.

Escala Intercultural de Concepções de Deficiência: Construção e Estudos Psicométricos / Intercultural Scale of Conceptions of Disability: Constructions and Psychometric Studies

RESUMO: Um mesmo instrumento pode ser adequado para distintas realidades, mas, para ele que avalie de fato concepções atreladas a um contexto cultural particular, é preciso compreender o fenômeno sob as lentes desse cenário. O objetivo deste artigo foi apresentar os resultados preliminares de validação e de confiabilidade da Escala Intercultural de Concepções de Deficiência (EICD) para a realidade brasileira. A EICD é um instrumento elaborado por uma equipe de distintos países (Brasil, Espanha e Portugal) e voltado para a avaliação de concepções de deficiência. Contou-se com a validação qualitativa (com base no conteúdo), por meio dos juízes nacionais e internacionais, e por verificação de componentes principais realizada por análise fatorial exploratória dos dados coletados com um grupo amostral brasileiro. A versão final contou com tradução e retradução para quatro diferentes línguas: espanhol (Cuba), catalão (Barcelona), castelhano (Sevilha) e português (Portugal). No que tange ao estudo fatorial para a realidade brasileira, a EICD ficou composta por 43 itens, distribuídos em três dimensões (Concepção Biológica, Concepção Social e Concepção Metafísica (Religiosa)). Estudos futuros serão necessários para o aprimoramento psicométrico do instrumento, tanto no contexto nacional quanto no internacional.

ABSTRACT: The same instrument may be suitable for different realities, but in order to actually assess conceptions linked to a particular cultural context, it is necessary to understand the phenomenon under the lens of this scenario. The objective of this paper was to present preliminary results of validation and reliability of the Escala Intercultural de Concepções de Deficiência - EICD (Intercultural Scale of Conceptions of Disability) for the Brazilian reality. EICD is an instrument developed by a team from different countries (Brazil, Spain and Portugal) and aimed at assessing concepts of disability. Qualitative validation (based on content) was carried out, by means of national and international judges, and by verification of main components carried out by exploratory factor analysis of the data collected with a Brazilian sample group. The final version included translation and backtranslation into four different languages: Spanish (Cuba), Catalan (Barcelona), Castilian (Seville) and Portuguese (Portugal). Regarding the factorial study for the Brazilian reality, the EICD was composed of 43 items, distributed in three dimensions (Biological Conception, Social Conception and Metaphysical (Religious) Conception). Future studies will be necessary for the psychometric improvement of the instrument, both in the national and international context.

Honey-Alonso Learning Styles Questionnaire: New psychometric evidences in Argentinean population / Cuestionario Honey-Alonso de Estilos de Aprendizaje: Nuevas evidencias psicométricas en población argentina

Abstract The study is aimed at analyzing psychometric features of the local version of the Honey-Alonso Learning Styles Questionnaire. First, the inner structure of the scale is examined by means of a confirmatory factor analysis and an analysis of factorial invariance, splitting the sample by faculty. Second, internal consistency coefficients of the dimensions are analyzed and compared to previous results. Third, external convergent validity evidences are considered, regarding scores obtained from a learning approach scale which was used as an external criterion. Findings show an adequate model fit, even employing different estimation methods. Furthermore, the factorial invariance analysis verifies the metrical equivalence of the model. The internal consistency study finds acceptable values. The dimensions' stability reliability indices do not verify significant differences between test and retest. Finally, the convergent validity evidences analyses show positive associations between learning styles and the Deep learning approach on the one hand, and negative associations between the Surface approach and learning styles on the other, as reported in previous studies. Results are discussed on the grounds of the theoretical and empirical background.

Resumen En el presente trabajo se examinan las propiedades psicométricas de la versión argentina del Cuestionario Honey-Alonso de Estilos de Aprendizaje (CHAEA). Primero se analiza la estructura interna de la escala mediante un análisis factorial confirmatorio y de invarianza factorial, segmentando la muestra según facultad; luego se estudia la consistencia interna de las dimensiones confirmadas y se comparan los resultados con los obtenidos en estudios previos; posteriormente se examina la estabilidad temporal de las puntuaciones de cada dimensión; y, por último, se estudian las evidencias de validez concurrente con otra escala que evalúa enfoques de aprendizaje. Los resultados del análisis factorial confirmatorio muestran un adecuado ajuste del modelo testeado a partir de distintos métodos de estimación, mientras que con el análisis de invarianza factorial se comprueba la equivalencia métrica del modelo. Asimismo, los índices de consistencia interna son aceptables, aunque el análisis de estabilidad temporal de las dimensiones no comprueba diferencias significativas entre la primera y segunda administración del instrumento. Finalmente, en consonancia con hallazgos previos, las evidencias de validez concurrente exhiben asociaciones positivas entre los estilos de aprendizaje y el enfoque profundo, así como asociaciones negativas entre los estilos y el enfoque superficial. Al final se discuten los resultados a partir de antecedentes teóricos y empíricos.

Versão Portuguesa da Medida do Processamento Sensorial Préescola: Análise da Consistência Interna e Homogeneidade dos Itens do Formulário Escola / A Portuguese Version of the Sensory Processing Measure for Preschool: Analysis of the Internal Consistency and Homogeneity of the Items of School Form

RESUMO: Nos últimos anos, tem havido na literatura uma larga estimativa de prevalência de desordens do processamento sensorial. A avaliação dessas dificuldades deve fazer parte da competência dos profissionais que desenvolvem o seu trabalho com crianças que as apresentam por meio de instrumentos validados. Este estudo examina a consistência interna e homogeneidade dos itens da versão portuguesa do Sensory Processing Measure-Preschool (SPM-P). Foi aplicado o SPM-P a cem crianças entre os 2 e os 5 anos de idade que frequentavam a creche e o jardim de infância com o objetivo de determinar a sua fiabilidade e a validade. A análise da correlação de Pearson (homogeneidade dos itens) e do alfa de Cronbach (consistência interna) determinou a exclusão de quatro itens. Os valores de alfa de Cronbach para as várias dimensões ("Participação Social", "Visão", "Audição", "Toque", "Consciência Corporal", "Equilíbrio", "Planeamento Motor e Ideias") oscilou entre ‹=0.742 ("Visão" e "Toque") e ‹=0.908 ("Consciência Corporal"). Os resultados deste estudo mostram que o SPM-P é um instrumento de rastreio válido e fiável para despistar as dificuldades de processamento sensorial das crianças Portuguesas com idades compreendidas entre os 2 e os 5 anos integradas em contexto escolar.

ABSTRACT: Over the past several years, a wide range of estimates of the prevalence of sensory processing disorders has emerged in the literature. The assessment of these difficulties should be part of the competence of professionals working with children with these kinds of needs through validated instruments. This study examined the internal consistency and items homogeneity of a Portuguese language version of the Sensory Processing Measure-Preschool (SPM-P). One hundred typically developing children aged between 2 and 5 years were recruited at Nursery Schools and assessed using the SPM-P to determine its reliability and validity. Pearson correlation (item homogeneity) and Cronbach's alpha (internal consistency) determined the exclusion of 4 items. Cronbach's alpha values for the different dimensions ("Social Participation", "Vision", "Hearing", "Touch", "Body Awareness", "Balance and Motion", "Planning and Ideas") ranged from 0.742 ("Vision" and "Touch") and 0.908 ("Body Awareness"). The findings of this study showed that the SPM-P is a valid and reliable tool in screening for sensory processing difficulties in Portuguese preschool children aged between 2 and 5 years in a nursery school setting.

Adaptación del Inventario de Ansiedad de Beck en población de Buenos Aires / Adaptation of the Beck Anxiety Inventory in population of Buenos Aires / Adaptation of the Beck Anxiety Inventory in population of Buenos Aires

RESUMEN Introducción : En la actualidad los trastornos de ansiedad son los de mayor prevalencia a nivel mundial, llegando a una tasa del 5% en Argentina en el año 2017. En ese sentido, el Inventario de Ansiedad de Beck (BAI) es uno de los instrumentos más utilizados en investigación y clínica en la actualidad. En su construcción uno de los objetivos fue evaluar síntomas de ansiedad que no suelen evidenciarse en trastornos depresivos, motivo por el cual resulta un test relevante para realizar un diagnóstico diferencial. El objetivo de este estudio fue adaptar el BAI a población adulta de Buenos Aires. Método : Se realizó una traducción directa del inventario y luego un juicio de expertos para evaluar la validez de contenido. Se analizó la capacidad de discriminación de los reactivos y se evaluó la validez estructural de los diferentes modelos encontrados en la literatura. A su vez, se analizó la consistencia interna del instrumento. Resultados : La adaptación presenta adecuada validez de contenido y los reactivos han demostrado discriminar de forma adecuada. A su vez, a partir de los análisis factoriales confirmatorios realizados se optó por la solución más parsimoniosa que indica la unidimensionalidad del constructo aportando evidencia de validez de constructo. A su vez, la adaptación presenta una adecuada consistencia interna. Se ofrecen valores normativos tentativos Conclusión : Se han hallado evidencias de validez y confiablidad para la adaptación argentina del BAI. Se lo considera un instrumento de gran utilidad clínica.

ABSTRACT Background : Currently, anxiety disorders are the most prevalent worldwide, reaching a rate of 5% in Argentina in 2017. The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) is one of the instruments most used in research and clinic today. In its construction, one of the objectives was to evaluate anxiety symptoms that are not usually evident in depressive disorders, which is why it is a relevant test to make a differential diagnosis. The objective of this study was to adapt the BAI to the adult population of Buenos Aires. Methods : A direct translation of the inventory and then an expert judgment to assess the content validity were carried out. The discrimination capacity of the items was analyzed and the structural validity of the test was evaluated according to different models found in the literature. Also, the internal consistency of the instru-Publicación editada por el Instituto Peruano de Orientación Psicológica - IPOPSObra bajo licencia de Creative Commons Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0) 2ment was analyzed. Results : The adaptation presents adequate content validity and the items have been shown to discriminate adequately. As for the confirmatory factor analyzes, the most parsimonious solution, which indicates the one-dimensionality of the construct, was chosen, providing evidence of construct validity. In turn, the adaptation presents adequate internal consistency. Tentative normative values are offered. Conclusion : Evidence of validity and reliability has been found for the Argentine adaptation of the BAI. It is considered an instrument of great clinical utility.

ABSTRACT Background : Currently, anxiety disorders are the most prevalent worldwide, reaching a rate of 5% in Argentina in 2017. The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) is one of the instruments most used in research and clinic today. In its construction, one of the objectives was to evaluate anxiety symptoms that are not usually evident in depressive disorders, which is why it is a relevant test to make a differential diagnosis. The objective of this study was to adapt the BAI to adult population of Buenos Aires. Methods : A direct translation of the inventory and then an expert judgment to assess the content validity were carried out. The discrimination capacity of the items was analyzed, and the structural validity of the test were evaluated according to different models found in the literature. Also, the internal consistency of the instrument was analyzed. Results : The adaptation presents adequate content validity and the items have been shown to discriminate adequately. As for the confirmatory factor analyzes, the most parsimonious solution, which indicates the one-dimensionality of the construct, was chosen, providing evidence of construct validity. The adaptation presents adequate internal consistency. Tentative normative values are offered. Conclusion : Evidence of validity and reliability has been found for the Argentine adaptation of the BAI. It is considered an instrument of great clinical utility.

RESUMEN. Introducción : En la actualidad los trastornos de ansiedad son los de mayor prevalencia a nivel mundial, llegando a una tasa del 5% en Argentina en el año 2017. En ese sentido, el Inventario de Ansiedad de Beck (BAI) es uno de los instrumentos más utilizados en investigación y clínica en la actualidad. En su construcción uno de los objetivos fue evaluar síntomas de ansiedad que no suelen evidenciarse en trastornos depresivos, motivo por el cual resulta un test relevante para realizar un diagnóstico diferencial. El objetivo de este estudio fue adaptar el BAI a población adulta de Buenos Aires. Método : Se realizó una traducción directa del inventario y luego un juicio de expertos para evaluar la validez de contenido. Se analizó la capacidad de discriminación de los reactivos y se evaluó la validez estructural de los diferentes modelos encontrados en la literatura. A su vez, se analizó la consistencia interna del instrumento. Resultados : La adaptación presenta adecuada validez de contenido y los reactivos han demostrado discriminar de forma adecuada. A su vez, a partir de los análisis factoriales confirmatorios realizados se optó por la solución más parsimoniosa que indicala unidimensionalidad del constructo aportando evidencia de validez de constructo. A su vez, la adaptación presenta una adecuada consistencia interna. Se ofrecen valores normativos tentativos. Conclusión : Se han hallado evidencias de validez y confiablidad para la adaptación argentina del BAI. Se lo considera un instrumento de gran utilidad clínica.

Construcción y validación de un instrumento para medir la percepción de exclusión social en jóvenes / Development and validation of an instrument to measure social exclusion perception in young people

Resumen Introducción: La exclusión social es un fenómeno multifactorial que expone a las personas a desventajas económicas, institucionales y sociales. Frecuentemente los jóvenes padecen exclusión social que les genera amplias consecuencias negativas. Objetivo: Desarrollar y validar un instrumento para evaluar la percepción de exclusión social en jóvenes mexicanos. Método: Estudio centrado en la psicometría. En una primera fase se creó una versión preliminar del instrumento a partir de reactivos derivados de la literatura. La calidad de los reactivos fue evaluada por expertos y por un grupo de jóvenes de la población objetivo. En una segunda fase se incluyeron 415 jóvenes y se obtuvo la confiabilidad, validez y normas del instrumento. Resultados: La primera versión del instrumento contempló 60 reactivos evaluados en la segunda fase. La versión final del instrumento incluyó 35 reactivos agrupados en nueve factores que explicaron el 62,30 % de la varianza total. Esta estructura factorial mostró una consistencia interna alta (α= ,863). El análisis factorial confirmatorio indicó un adecuado ajuste (x2= 1,71; CFI= ,926; RMSEA= ,042) que brinda evidencia sobre la validez empírica del instrumento. Conclusión: El instrumento tiene adecuadas propiedades psicométricas para evaluar la percepción de exclusión social en jóvenes mexicanos, el cual puede ser empleado en la investigación psicosocial. El estudio de la exclusión social se lleva a cabo desde las ciencias políticas, la economía y la sociología; pero hasta el conocimiento de los autores, este estudio representa una de las primeras propuestas de su abordaje desde la psicología social considerando central la visión de los individuos y sus interacciones sociales con otros grupos.

Abstract Introduction: Social exclusion is a multifactorial phenomenon that involves economic, institutional and social disadvantages for diverse groups of people. Frequently, young people face social exclusion that causes them negative consequences. Objective: To develop and validate an instrument to evaluate social exclusion perception in young people from Mexico. Method: This is an article research result, which is based on psychometric principles. During the first phase, a preliminary instrument version was developed on the base of a literature review. Experts and a group of young Mexican people evaluate items' quality. During the second phase, 415 participants were enrolled and the instrument psychometric properties (reliability, validity, and interpretation) were estimated. Results: The first version instrument included 60 items which were evaluated in the second phase. The final version of the instrument has 35 items grouped in nine factors that explained 62,30 % of the total variance. This instrument's factorial structure showed high internal consistency (α=.863). The confirmatory factorial analysis indicated an acceptable fit (x2=1.71; CFI=.926; RMSEA=.042) which gave evidence of the instrument empirical validity. Conclusion: Instrument has good psychometric properties to evaluate social exclusion perception; therefore it can be used in the psychosocial investigation. Social exclusion phenomenon has been studied on base the politics, economic and sociology sciences; however until author knowledge, this is a pioneer proposal to study social exclusion based on the social psychology. This science is focused in the subject vision and their group social interactions.

Escala de motivación situacional académica para estudiantes universitarios: desarrollo y análisis psicométricos / The academic motivation scale-situational for college students: development and psychometric analysis

Resumen La Teoría de la Autodeterminación (TAD) reconoce diferentes tipos de motivación, a lo largo de un continuo según el grado de autorregulación del comportamiento, que operan en tres niveles de generalidad: global, contextual y situacional. Este trabajo presenta el proceso de construcción y análisis psicométricos de la Escala de Motivación Situacional Académica desarrollada a partir de las hipótesis de la TAD y del Modelo Jerárquico de la Motivación Intrínseca y Extrínseca (MJMIE). Participaron del estudio 364 estudiantes (62.6 % mujeres, 37.4 % varones) de 18 a 35 años de edad (. = 22.97, DE = 3.00) de diversas carreras de la Universidad de Buenos Aires (Argentina). Cinco jueces expertos analizaron evidencias de validez de contenido para los ítems y un grupo de alumnos aportó elementos para mejorar la validez aparente y la adecuación lingüística. Un análisis factorial exploratorio, a partir del método de Análisis Factorial de Rango Mínimo con rotación Oblimin directo, aisló una estructura trifactorial. La consistencia interna de las escalas se estimó mediante alfas ordinales, cuyos valores fueron en su totalidad adecuados. Las asociaciones significativas entre las escalas apoyaron la hipótesis teórica sobre el continuo propuesto en el modelo. Las correlaciones entre las escalas del instrumento con las de la Escala de Motivación Académica (Stover, de la Iglesia, Rial Boubeta y Fernández Liporace, 2012; Vallerand, Blais, Brierey Pelletier, 1989) fueron significativas al comparar dimensiones equivalentes y disímiles de ambas técnicas. Finalmente, se confeccionaron baremos para estudiantes universitarios locales. Los resultados, limitaciones, implicancias y líneas futuras de investigación se discuten a la luz del modelo de partida.

Abstract Self Determination Theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985a) describes diverse types of motivation, situated throughout a theoretical continuum which comprises a decrease in the regulation of behaviors, from highest to lowest. These are intrinsic motivation, identified regulation, introjected regulation, external regulation, and amotivation. These types, their influential factors, mediators and outcomes, integrate a hierarchic model which entails three levels: global, contextual, and situational (Vallerand, 1997). This paper presents the design and analysis of psychometric features of the Academic Motivation Scale-Situational (AMS-S) aimed at the assessment of motivation towards specific academic activities under specific circumstances. It was developed on the grounds of the Self Determination Theory´s hypotheses as well as the Hierarchic Model of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation (HMIEM) posed by Vallerand (1997). The sample was composed of 364 colleges students (62.6 % females, 37.4 % males) between 18 and 35 years old (. = 22.97, SD = 3.00) with different majors at the University of Buenos Aires (Argentine). Items were written up to represent each type of motivation formulated in the model, according to the question which must be borne in mind while responding to the scale: "Why are you at the faculty right now?" The original pool of items was evaluated by five experts in order to analyze content validity evidences. A further pilot study was performed with a small group of students, aiming at the exam of face validity evidences. The preliminary version of 44 items obtained up to then was analyzed on a standardization sample. Polychoric covariance matrices were employed once the univariate normality hypothesis was not verified for the items. The ordinal nature of data demanded such a treatment as well. The statistical package FACTOR (Lorenzo-Siva & Ferrando, 2013) was used to develop an exploratory factor analysis with minimum rank factor analysis (MRFA) extraction method followed by direct Oblimin rotation (KMO = .887; Bartlett's Sphericity Test: χ² = 4525.6 (df = 351; . < .01). A 3-factor model which explained 68.01 % of the common variance was isolated retaining 27 items (F1 explained 18.1 %, F2, 23.2 %, and F3, 26.8 %). Regarding the items content, the extracted factors were labeled as extrinsic motivation (F1), amotivation (F2), and intrinsic motivation (F3). Additionally, internal consistency of the scales was estimated by means of ordinal alphas, with adequate coefficients in all cases (F1 = .84, F2 = .95, and F3 = .94). In order to test the self-determination continuum hypothesis entailed in the model, each dimension of the scale was correlated with the rest of them. Significant and positive associations (. < .05) were found between the adjacent scales, and negative between the non-adjacent ones, thus endorsing theoretical statements. Correlations between the scales' scores and the similar ones of Academic Motivation Scale (Academic Motivation Scale-EMA in Spanish-Stover et al., 2012; Vallerand et al., 1989) were calculated to analyze convergent validity evidences. Significant though weak statistical associations (. < .05) were found when comparing equivalent and opposite motivational types in both tests. Finally, statistical norms to be employed with local college population were calculated. Summarizing, up to the moment the scale has achieved adequate results in terms of preliminary validity evidences and reliability, supporting its appropriate psychometric quality to be used with local college students. The main weaknesses of the study rely in the sample size, which restricts wider generalizations, as well as the lack of semi-confirmatory factor analyses and psychometric studies on stability of measures, which must be developed in further steps. The analysis of the link between situational, contextual and global measures of motivation is also strongly suggested, taking into account the reciprocal effects among them.

Psychometric properties of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in Mexican pregnant women / Propiedades psicométricas de la Escala Hospitalaria de Ansiedad y Depresión en mujeres embarazadas mexicanas

Abstract Introduction Anxiety and depression in pregnant women are a public health problem. Their adequate detection requires valid and reliable instruments that are also useful for prevention and treatment. Objective To identify the psychometric properties of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in a sample of Mexican pregnant women. Method The HADS was applied to 716 pregnant women between 13 and 46 years old (M = 26.55; SD = 6.56) attended in a public hospital in Mexico City. Results With a sample of 358 participants, a parallel analysis indicated a bifactorial structure for HADS, identified by exploratory factor analysis (Factor 1: anxiety, Factor 2: depression). The factors explained 53% of the variance and correlated positively (r = .36). The global internal consistency (Cronbach's α = .81; ordinal α = .93) and by factor (anxiety: Cronbach's α = .79; ordinal α = .88; depression: Cronbach's α = .79; ordinal α = .87) was acceptable. With data from the remaining 358 participants, a confirmatory factor analysis showed an acceptable fit for the structure detected (χ2/gl = 2.72; RMSEA = .06 [IC .05, .08]; GFI = .93; AGFI = .90; TLI = .90; CFI = .92). Discussion and conclusions The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale has adequate psychometric properties to be used in pregnant Mexican women. Its use in routine pregnancy controls would be useful to prevent, detect, and timely treat these conditions.

Resumen Introducción La ansiedad y la depresión en gestantes representan un problema de salud pública. Su adecuada detección requiere de instrumentos válidos y confiables que también sirvan para su prevención y tratamiento. Objetivo Identificar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala Hospitalaria de Ansiedad y Depresión (HADS) en una muestra de mujeres embarazadas mexicanas. Método Se aplicó la HADS a 716 gestantes de entre 13 y 46 años (M = 26.55; DE = 6.56), atendidas en un hospital público en la Ciudad de México. Resultados Con una muestra de 358 participantes, un análisis paralelo indicó una estructura bifactorial para la HADS, identificada mediante análisis factorial exploratorio (Factor 1: ansiedad, Factor 2: depresión). Los factores explicaron el 53% de la varianza y correlacionaron positivamente (r = .36). La consistencia interna global (α de Cronbach = .81, α ordinal = .93) y por factor (ansiedad: αde Cronbach = .79, α ordinal = .88; depresión: α de Cronbach = .79, α ordinal = .87) fue aceptable. Con los datos de las 358 participantes restantes, un análisis factorial confirmatorio mostró un ajuste aceptable para la estructura detectada (χ2/gl = 2.72; RMSEA = .06 [IC .05, .08]; GFI = .93; AGFI = .90; TLI = .90; CFI = .92). Discusión y conclusión La Escala Hospitalaria de Ansiedad y Depresión posee adecuadas propiedades psicométricas para su empleo en mujeres embarazadas mexicanas. Su uso en controles rutinarios del embarazo sería útil para prevenir, detectar y atender oportunamente estos padecimientos.

Escala de Machismo Sexual: evidências psicométricas em contexto brasileiro / Sexual Machismo Scale: psychometric evidence in the brazilian context / Escala Machismo Sexual: evidencias psicométricas en el contexto brasileño

O presente artigo objetivou adaptar a Escala de Machismo Sexual para o contexto brasileiro, reunindo evidências de seus parâmetros psicométricos. Contou-se com uma amostra não probabilística de 219 universitários (Estudo 1) e 200 indivíduos (Estudo 2), com médias de idade semelhantes (M = 21,6; DP = 4,06; M = 19,0, DP = 5,20; respectivamente), sendo distribuídos igualmente em relação ao sexo no Estudo 1 e a maioria do sexo feminino no Estudo 2 (68,0%). Estes responderam a Escala de Machismo Sexual, a Escala de Sexismo Ambivalente e perguntas demográficas. Os estudos revelaram uma solução unifatorial, com indicadores de consistência interna satisfatórios (α = 0,81 e α = 0,76) e validade convergente confirmada por meio da correlação com o fator Sexismo Hostil e Sexismo Benévolo. Ademais, uma análise fatorial confirmatória corroborou tal dimensão preconizada. Conclui-se que essa medida se mostrou psicometricamente adequada para utilização no referido contexto. (AU)

The current paper sought to adapt the Sexual Machismo Scale to the Brazilian context, gathering evidence of its psychometric parameters. Non-probabilistic samples of 235 undergraduate students (Study 1) and 200 individuals (Study 2), with similar mean ages (M=21.6; SD=4.06; M=19.0, SD=5.20; respectively), equally distributed by the sex in Study 1 and mostly female in Study 2 (68.0%) were used. Participants completed the Sexual Machismo Scale, the Ambivalent Sexism Scale and demographic questions. The studies showed a single-factor solution, presenting suitable indices of internal consistency (α=0.81 and α=0.76) and confirming the convergent validity through correlations with the hostile and benevolent sexism factors of the Ambivalent Sexism Scale. Additionally, a confirmatory factor analysis corroborated the previous solution. It was concluded that this measure seems to be psychometrically suitable for use in the context mentioned. (AU)

El presente artículo objetivó adaptar la Escala de Machismo Sexual para el contexto brasileño, reuniendo evidencias de sus parámetros psicométricos. La muestra no probabilística estuvo compuesta por 219 universitarios (Estudio 1) y 200 individuos (Estudio 2) de la población general, con promedios de edad similares (X = 21,6; DS = 4,06; X = 19,0; DS = 5,20, respectivamente), siendo distribuidos igualmente en relación con el sexo en el Estudio 1, por otro lado, el Estudio 2 contó con mayoría del sexo femenino (69,9%). Los participantes respondieron a la Escala de Machismo Sexual, la Escala de Sexismo Ambivalente y preguntas demográficas. Los estudios revelaron una solución unifactorial, con indicadores de consistencia interna satisfactorios (α = 0,81 y α = 0,76) y validez convergente confirmada por medio de la correlación con el factor Sexismo Hostil y Sexismo Benévolo de la Escala de Sexismo Ambivalente. Además, un análisis factorial confirmatorio corroboró con los resultados preconizados. Se concluye que esta medida se mostró psicológicamente adecuada para su uso en dicho contexto. (AU)

Validación al Español de un cuestionario de hábitos de sueño en los niños / Validation to Spanish version of the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire

Introducción: Los trastornos del sueño en la infancia constituyen un fenómeno de elevada frecuencia. Los cuestionarios de sueño constituyen un instrumento de innegable valor que complementa los estudios objetivos del sueño. Objetivo: Validar al español un cuestionario que indaga acerca de los hábitos de sueño en niños en el contexto sociocultural cubano. Métodos: Se seleccionó el cuestionario CHILDREN'S SLEEP HABITS QUESTIONNAIRE (NICHD SECCYD-Wisconsin) para su uso en el laboratorio de neurofisiología del Centro Internacional de Restauración Neurológica. En una primera etapa del estudio, el cuestionario se tradujo y adaptó al español según las reglas internacionales. Se entregaron 330 cuestionarios a los padres en una muestra poblacional cubana de niños en edades comprendidas entre los 2 a 10 años. Estos se distribuyeron en escuelas y círculos infantiles con una tasa de respuesta de 93 por ciento. Se recuperaron 295 (96 por ciento) cuestionarios útiles, 25 atendieron a los criterios de exclusión, 270 se aceptaron para estudios de validación. Resultados: La consistencia interna del cuestionario (alfa de Cronbach) fue de 0,67 para la escala completa y varió de 0,42 a 0,61 para las subescalas. Para la confiabilidad test-retes de las subescalas se aplicó una t de students para muestras dependientes, con una n= de 86. Las diferencias fueron significativas en las subescalas 3 y 8 (p= 0,04) Conclusiones: El cuestionario según su versión original y en comparación con la de otros países presentó propiedades psicométricas adecuadas para evaluar los problemas de sueño en niños cubanos entre 2 y 10 años de edad(AU)

Introduction: Sleep disorders in childhood constitute a highly frequent phenomenon. The sleep habits´ questionnaires are instruments of undeniable value that complement the sleep's objective studies. Objective: To validate the Spanish version of a Questionnaire (NICHD SECCYD-Wisconsin) and compare it with the results of previous studies in other countries. Methods: It was selected the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire for its use in the neurophysiology laboratory of the International Center of Neurological Restoration (CIREN, by its acronym in Spanish). In the first stage of the study, the questionnaire was translated and adapted to Spanish according to the international standards. 330 questionnaires were delivered to the parents of a Cuban community sample of children aged 2 to10 years old, with a response rate of 93 percent. 295 (96 percent) useful questionnaires were obtained, 25 met the exclusion criteria, 270 were accepted for validation studies. The results were compared with the results of other countries. Results: The Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire´s internal consistency (Cronbach) was 0.67 for the total scale and ranged from 0.42 to 0.61 for subscales. The test-retest reliability for subscales used t for students in dependent samples, being n= 86.The differences were meaningful for subscales 3 y 8 (p= 0,4). Conclusion: The questionnaire according to its original version and in comparison with that of other countries has adequate psychometric properties to evaluate sleep problems in Cuban children between 2 and 10 years(AU)

Inventario de Estilos de Pensamiento: Propiedades psicométricas en universitarios de Buenos Aires / Thinking Styles Inventory: Psychometric features in college students from Buenos Aires

Introducción: Los estilos de pensamiento permiten conocer cómo las personas utilizan sus aptitudes a la hora de resolver situaciones problemáticas. El Inventario de Estilos de Pensamiento (TSI) es uno de los instrumentos más difundidos a nivel mundial, diseñado para evaluar los 13 estilos de pensamiento formulados en la Teoría del Autogobierno Mental -Legislativo, Ejecutivo, Judicial, Monárquico, Jerárquico, Oligárquico, Anárquico, Global, Local, Interno, Externo, Liberal, Conservador. Método: Con el propósito de adaptar la escala a población universitaria local se revisaron aspectos lingüísticos así como la escala de respuesta. Tras un estudio piloto, se recogió una muestra de 361 estudiantes universitarios de Buenos Aires para efectuar análisis factoriales exploratorio y confirmatorio por un lado, y de consistencia interna por otro. Resultados: Se obtuvo una solución de 7 factores -Judicial/Liberal, Ejecutivo/Conservador, Externo, Monárquico, Global, Jerárquico, Legislativo- que logró conservar 45 de los 104 ítems puestos a prueba. Conclusión: La consistencia interna de los factores extraídos alcanzó valores apropiados. Se discuten los resultados a la luz del modelo teórico y se proponen futuras líneas de investigación.

Background: Thinking styles lead to describe how people use their abilities when they have to deal with problem solving situations. The Thinking Styles Inventory ­TSI- is one of the most worldwide employed scales, developed to assess 13 thinking styles posed in the Theory of Mental Self-government -Legislative, Executive, Judicial, Monarchic, Hierarchic, Oligarchic, Anarchic, Global, Local, Internal, External, Liberal, Conservative. Method: Aiming at the adaptation of the scale to local college students' population, linguistic aspects were reviewed as well as the response scale. After a pilot study, a sample composed of 361 college students from Buenos Aires responded the inventory in order to perform exploratory and confirmatory factorial analyzes on the one hand, and an internal consistency on the other. Result: A 7-factor structure -Judicial/Liberal, Executive/Conservative, External, Monarchic, Global, Hierarchic, Legislative-, was obtained. Conclusion: Such a version maintained 45 of the 104 tested items. Internal consistency of the extracted dimensions reached adequate values. Results are examined considering the theoretical model and further research lines.

Consumo de riesgo de drogas utilizando la herramienta ASSIST modifcado en estudiantes, docentes y personal administrativo de una universidad pública / Drug risk use using the ASSIST modifed in students, teachers and administrative staff of a public university

El consumo de drogas es una importante causa de morbimortalidad a nivel mundial y su impacto genera gastos sanitarios, económicos y sociales importantes. Las mayores tasas de consumo de drogas se observan en la población entre 18 y 25 años en donde una proporción importante son estudiantes universitarios. El objetivo de este estudio fue calcular la prevalencia del consumo de riesgo de sustancias entre estudiantes, profesores y trabajadores de una universidad pública del Ecuador. Además, se realizó el cálculo de la consistencia interna (confabilidad) del cuestionario ASSIST modifcado. Pacientes y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio analítico transversal, se aplicó la prueba de Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) en dos grupos poblacionales (estudiantes y trabajadores ­ docentes). La consistencia interna de cada subescala del cuestionario fue evaluada con alfa (α) de Cronbach. Para estimar la prevalencia del consumo de riesgo se utilizó porcentajes con intervalos de confanza (IC) del 95%. Resultados: 4958 estudiantes y 425 profesores, trabajadores y empleados respondieron el cuestionario ASSIST. El cálculo de la consistencia interna (confabilidad) del instrumento, demostró un α de Cronbach satisfactorio (>0.7) para consumo de: tabaco, alcohol y marihuana. La prevalencia del consumo de riesgo alto para alcohol (5,3% para estudiantes y 4,9% para trabajadores y docentes), tabaco y cannabis fue elevada en los grupos estudiados. Además, el porcentaje de la población con consumo de riesgo moderado también fue signifcativo. Conclusión: En virtud de las elevadas tasas de consumo de riesgo alto y moderado para el consumo de drogas, es necesario la implementación de un programa Integral de promoción, prevención, tratamiento y rehabilitación dirigido a estudiantes universitarios. La prueba ASSIST modifcada mostró una consistencia interna satisfactoria en la evaluación del consumo de riesgo de substancias.

Drug use is a major cause of global morbidity and its impact generates signifcant health, economic and social expenditures. The highest rates of drug use are seen in the population between the ages of 18 and 25, where a signifcant proportion are university students. The objective of this study was to calculate the prevalence of substance risk consumption among students, professors and workers at a public university in Ecuador. In addition, the calculation of the internal consistency (reliability) of the modifed ASSIST questionnaire was performed. Patients and Methods: A cross-analytical study was conducted, the Alcohol, Tobacco and Substances Consumption Detection (ASSIST) test was applied in two population groups (students and workers ­ teachers). The internal consistency of each subscale of the questionnaire was evaluated with Cronbach's alpha. Percentages with 95% CI were used to estimate the prevalence of risk consumption. Results: 4958 students and 425 teachers, workers and employees responded to the ASSIST questionnaire. The calculation of the internal consistency (reliability) of the instrument, proved Cronbach satisfactory (>0.7) for consumption of tobacco, alcohol and marijuana. The prevalence of high-risk alcohol use (5.3% for students and 4.9% for workers and teachers), tobacco and cannabis were high in the groups studied. In addition, the percentage of the population with moderate risk consumption was also signifcant. Conclusions: Under the high rates of high and moderate risk use for drug use, it is necessary to implement a comprehensive program of promotion, prevention, treatment and rehabilitation aimed at university students. The modifed ASSIST test showed satisfactory internal consistency in the assessment of substance risk consumption.

Triple jump: an alternative to be consider for assessing compliance with goals in graduate programs / Salto triple: una alternativa de evaluación del cumplimiento de objetivos en programas de postgrado

SUMMARY: Ensuring quality in graduate teaching is a guarantee of the competitiveness demonstrated by institutions. The aim of this study was to determine the internal consistency and reliability of the Triple Jump (TJ) instrument applied to Master's and Doctorate students in Medical Sciences to assess compliance of goals. Reliability study conducted at Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile. TJ was applied by 3 evaluators who performed 2 evaluations, with structured assessment guidelines in three domains (cognitive, attitudinal and procedural), on a Likert scale with scores from 0 (not achieved) to 4 (achieved). The total point score was transformed into a final grade. The evaluated subjects were characterized, and internal consistency and interobserver reliability were determined. Fifty-one Health care professionals enrolled in Medical Sciences graduate programs at the Universidad de La Frontera between 2005-2016 (35 from the Master 's program and 16 from the Doctorate in Medical Sciences). In study subjects had a median age of 29 years, 6 years of professional experience and 3 years as specialists. 66.7 % were male. The internal consistency of the responses to the assessment was characterized by a Cronbach's between 0.734 and 0.938. Interobserver reliability of the instrument had values between 0.86 and 1.0. The levels of internal consistency and reliability were higher than previously reported; therefore, the test is reliable and exhibits solid internal consistency.

RESUMEN: Garantizar la calidad en la enseñanza de posgrado es una garantía de la competitividad demostrada por las instituciones. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la consistencia interna y confiabilidad interobservador del instrumento salto triple (ST), aplicado a estudiantes de Magíster y Doctorado en Ciencias Médicas, para evaluar cumplimiento de objetivos de aprendizaje. Estudio de confiabilidad realizado en la Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile. El ST, fue aplicado por 3 evaluadores que realizaron 2 evaluaciones, utilizando guías de evaluación estructuradas en tres dimensiones (cognitivo, actitudinal y de procedimiento); en una escala tipo Likert con puntajes de 0 (objetivo no logrado) a 4 (objetivo plenamente logrado). El puntaje total se transformó posteriormente en una calificación final. Se caracterizó a los sujetos evaluados y se determinó consistencia interna y confiabilidad interobservador. Para ello, se enrolaron 51 profesionales de la salud matriculados en los programas de postgrado en Ciencias Médicas de la Universidad de La Frontera entre 2005 y 2016 (35 del programa de Magíster y 16 del Doctorado en Ciencias Médicas). Los sujetos a estudio, tenían una mediana de edad de 29 años, 66,7 % eran hombres, tenían 6 años de experiencia profesional y 3 años como especialistas. La consistencia interna de las respuestas a la evaluación se caracterizó por un a de Cronbach entre 0,734 y 0,938. La confiabilidad interobservador del instrumento tenía valores entre 0,86 y 1,0. Los niveles de consistencia interna y confiabilidad fueron más altos que los reportados previamente; por ende, nos parece que esta forma de evaluar objetivos en este tipo de estudiantes, tiene una consistencia interna sólida y es confiable.